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Fifth letter of the alphabet of the Latin alphabet

This article is nigh the letter. For other uses of the symbol e or Due east, see East (disambiguation).

E
E due east
(See beneath)
Writing cursive forms of E
Usage
Writing system Latin script
Type Alphabetic
Linguistic communication of origin Latin linguistic communication
Phonetic usage
  • [e]
  • [e̞]
  • [ɛ]
  • [ə]
  • [ɪ~i]
  • [ɘ]
  • [ʲe]
  • [h]
  • (English language variations)
Unicode codepoint U+0045, U+0065
Alphabetical position 5
History
Development

A28

  • Heh
    • He
      • Phoenician He
        • He
          • Ε ε ϵ
            • 𐌄
              • E e
Time period c. 700 BC to present
Descendants
  • ♯
  • Ə
  • Æ
  • Œ
  • €
  • ℮
  • Ǝ
  • ∈
  • ℯ
  • ℇ
  • ℰ
  • ℥
  • &
Sisters
  • Е
  • Э
  • Є
  • Ё
  • Ә
  • Һ
  • ה ه ܗ
  • Ɛ
  • Ե ե
  • Է է
  • Ը ը
  • ࠄ
  • 𐎅
  • Ⲉ
Variations (Meet below)
Other
Other letters ordinarily used with ee
This commodity contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Assistance:IPA. For the stardom between [ ], / / and ⟨⟩, come across IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

E, or e, is the fifth letter and the 2nd vowel letter in the modernistic English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its proper name in English is e (pronounced ); plural ees,[1] Es or Eastward's.[2] It is the most commonly used letter in many languages, including Czech, Danish, Dutch, English language, French, German language, Hungarian, Latin, Latvian, Norwegian, Spanish, and Swedish. [3] [four] [5] [six] [seven]

History

Egyptian hieroglyph
qʼ 		Proto-Sinaitic Proto-Canaanite

hillul

Phoenician
He 		Etruscan
East 		Greek
Epsilon 		Latin/
Cyrillic
East

A28

Proto-semiticE-01.svg Protohe.svg PhoenicianE-01.svg Alfabeto camuno-e.svg Epsilon uc lc.svg Latin E

The Latin alphabetic character 'E' differs picayune from its source, the Greek letter epsilon, 'Ε'. This in turn comes from the Semitic letter hê, which has been suggested to have started as a praying or calling human figure (hillul 'jubilation'), and was most probable based on a similar Egyptian hieroglyph that indicated a different pronunciation. In Semitic, the letter represented /h/ (and /e/ in strange words); in Greek, hê became the letter epsilon, used to correspond /e/. The diverse forms of the Sometime Italic script and the Latin alphabet followed this usage.

Employ in writing systems

Pronunciation of the name of the letter ⟨e⟩ in European languages

English

Although Middle English language spelling used ⟨e⟩ to represent long and short /e/, the Great Vowel Shift changed long /eː/ (as in 'me' or 'bee') to /iː/ while short /ɛ/ (equally in 'met' or 'bed') remained a mid vowel. In other cases, the letter is silent, generally at the end of words like queue.

Other languages

In the orthography of many languages information technology represents either [eastward], [e̞], [ɛ], or some variation (such equally a nasalized version) of these sounds, often with diacritics (as: ⟨e ê é è ë ē ĕ ě ẽ ė ẹ ę ẻ⟩) to indicate contrasts. Less commonly, as in French, German, or Saanich, ⟨east⟩ represents a mid-cardinal vowel /ə/. Digraphs with ⟨e⟩ are mutual to betoken either diphthongs or monophthongs, such as ⟨ea⟩ or ⟨ee⟩ for /iː/ or /eɪ/ in English, ⟨ei⟩ for /aɪ/ in German, and ⟨eu⟩ for /ø/ in French or /ɔɪ/ in German.

Other systems

The International Phonetic Alphabet uses ⟨e⟩ for the shut-mid forepart unrounded vowel or the mid forepart unrounded vowel.

Near common letter

'E' is the nigh common (or highest-frequency) letter in the English language alphabet (starting off the typographer's phrase ETAOIN SHRDLU) and several other European languages, which has implications in both cryptography and data compression. In the story "The Aureate-Bug" by Edgar Allan Poe, a character figures out a random character lawmaking by remembering that the about used letter of the alphabet in English is E. This makes information technology a hard and popular letter to apply when writing lipograms. Ernest Vincent Wright's Gadsby (1939) is considered a "dreadful" novel, and supposedly "at least part of Wright's narrative issues were caused by language limitations imposed by the lack of Due east."[8] Both Georges Perec's novel A Void (La Disparition) (1969) and its English language translation by Gilbert Adair omit 'e' and are considered better works.[9]

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

  • E with diacritics: Ĕ ĕ Ḝ ḝ Ȇ ȇ Ê ê Ê̄ ê̄ Ê̌ ê̌ Ề ề Ế ế Ể ể Ễ ễ Ệ ệ Ẻ ẻ Ḙ ḙ Ě ě Ɇ ɇ Ė ė Ė́ ė́ Ė̃ ė̃ Ẹ ẹ Ë ë È è È̩ è̩ Ȅ ȅ É é É̩ Ē ē Ḕ ḕ Ḗ ḗ Ẽ ẽ Ḛ ḛ Ę ę Ę́ ę́ Ę̃ ę̃ Ȩ ȩ E̩ e̩ ᶒ[10]
  • ⱸ : E with notch is used in the Swedish Dialect Alphabet[11]
  • Æ æ : Latin AE ligature
  • Œ œ : Latin OE ligature
  • The umlaut diacritic ¨ used above a vowel letter in German and other languages to indicate a fronted or front vowel (this sign originated as a superscript e)
  • Phonetic alphabet symbols related to Due east (the International Phonetic Alphabet but uses lowercase, just uppercase forms are used in some other writing systems):
    • Ɛ ɛ : Latin letter of the alphabet epsilon / open east, which represents an open-mid front end unrounded vowel in the IPA
    • ᶓ : Epsilon / open e with retroflex hook[x]
    • Ɜ ɜ : Latin letter reversed epsilon / open e, which represents an open-mid central unrounded vowel in the IPA
    • ɝ : Latin small-scale letter reversed epsilon / open due east with claw, which represents a rhotacized open-mid cardinal vowel in the IPA
    • ᶔ : Reversed epsilon / open due east with retroflex hook[x]
    • ᶟ : Modifier letter pocket-size reversed epsilon / open up e[10]
    • ɞ : Latin modest letter airtight reversed open up e, which represents an open-mid central rounded vowel in IPA (shown as ʚ on the 1993 IPA chart)
    • Ə ə : Latin letter schwa, which represents a mid central vowel in the IPA
    • Ǝ ǝ : Latin letter turned e, which is used in the writing systems of some African languages
    • ɘ : Latin letter reversed e, which represents a close-mid central unrounded vowel in the IPA
  • The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet uses various forms of due east and epsilon / open e:[12]
    • U+1D07 ᴇ LATIN Letter of the alphabet Pocket-sized CAPITAL Eastward
    • U+1D08 ᴈ LATIN Small-scale LETTER TURNED Open E
    • U+1D31 ᴱ MODIFIER Alphabetic character CAPITAL E
    • U+1D32 ᴲ MODIFIER Letter CAPITAL REVERSED E
    • U+1D49 ᵉ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL East
    • U+1D4B ᵋ MODIFIER LETTER Small-scale OPEN Due east
    • U+1D4C ᵌ MODIFIER Letter Small TURNED OPEN E
    • U+2C7B ⱻ LATIN LETTER SMALL Majuscule TURNED E [13]
  • east : Subscript small-scale e is used in Indo-European studies[14]
  • Teuthonista phonetic transcription arrangement symbols related to E:[15]
    • U+AB32 ꬲ LATIN Minor LETTER BLACKLETTER East
    • U+AB33 ꬳ LATIN SMALL LETTER BARRED Eastward
    • U+AB34 ꬴ LATIN Small-scale Letter of the alphabet E WITH FLOURISH

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

  • 𐤄 : Semitic letter He (letter of the alphabet), from which the following symbols originally derive
    • Ε ε : Greek letter Epsilon, from which the following symbols originally derive
      • Е е : Cyrillic letter Ye
      • Є є : Ukrainian Ye
      • Э э : Cyrillic letter of the alphabet Eastward
      • Ⲉ ⲉ : Coptic letter Ei
      • 𐌄 : One-time Italic East, which is the ancestor of modernistic Latin E
        • ᛖ : Runic letter Ehwaz, which is mayhap a descendant of Erstwhile Italic E
      • 𐌴 : Gothic letter eyz

Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations

  • € : Euro sign.
  • ℮ : Estimated sign (used on prepackaged goods for auction within the European Spousal relationship).
  • e : the symbol for the simple charge (the electrical charge carried past a single proton)
  • ∃ : existential quantifier in predicate logic. It is read "there exists ... such that".
  • ∈ : the symbol for set membership in prepare theory.
  • 𝑒 : the base of the natural logarithm.

Code points

Character information
Preview E e
Unicode name LATIN Upper-case letter LETTER East LATIN SMALL LETTER East
Encodings decimal hex dec hex
Unicode 69 U+0045 101 U+0065
UTF-eight 69 45 101 65
Numeric graphic symbol reference E E e e
EBCDIC family 197 C5 133 85
ASCII one 69 45 101 65
1 Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

Other representations

In British Sign Language (BSL), the letter 'e' is signed past extending the index finger of the correct manus touching the tip of alphabetize on the left hand, with all fingers of left hand open.

Use as a number

In the hexadecimal (base of operations xvi) numbering system, E is a number that corresponds to the number fourteen in decimal (base of operations ten) counting.

References

  1. ^ "E" a letter Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Linguistic communication Unabridged (1993). Ees is the plural of the name of the letter of the alphabet; the plural of the letter itself is rendered E's, Due eastdue south, e's, or es.
  2. ^ "E". Oxford Dictionary of English (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. 2010. ISBN9780199571123. noun (plural Es or E's)
  3. ^ Kelk, Brian. "Letter frequencies". Archived from the original on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2022-02-02 .
  4. ^ Lewand, Robert. "Relative Frequencies of Letters in General English Obviously text". Cryptographical Mathematics. Primal College. Archived from the original on 2008-07-08. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
  5. ^ "Frequency of Occurrence of Messages in Castilian". Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Archived from the original on 2008-05-11. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
  6. ^ "Frequency of Occurrence of Messages in French". Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Archived from the original on 2008-03-12. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
  7. ^ "Frequency of Occurrence of Messages in High german". Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Archived from the original on 2012-06-28. Retrieved 2008-06-25 .
  8. ^ Ross Eckler, Making the Alphabet Trip the light fantastic: Recreational Word Play. New York: St. Martin'south Press (1996): 3
  9. ^ Eckler (1996): 3. Perec'south novel "was and then well written that at to the lowest degree some reviewers never realized the being of a alphabetic character constraint."
  10. ^ a b c d Lawman, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-x-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
  11. ^ Lemonen, Therese; Ruppel, Klaas; Kolehmainen, Erkki I.; Sandström, Caroline (2006-01-26). "L2/06-036: Proposal to encode characters for Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
  12. ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-twenty). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-xix. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
  13. ^ Ruppel, Klaas; Rueter, Jack; Kolehmainen, Erkki I. (2006-04-07). "L2/06-215: Proposal for Encoding iii Additional Characters of the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
  14. ^ Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (2004-06-07). "L2/04-191: Proposal to encode six Indo-Europeanist phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
  15. ^ Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). "L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-xi. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .

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